- Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects green, despite green being the sun’s peak energy wavelength.
- Plants optimise for a steady energy flux rather than maximum energy capture.
- Evolution selects for stability, not just raw performance.
- Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, fibrous roots, and floral parts in multiples of three.
- Dicots have two cotyledons, branching leaf veins, a taproot system, and floral parts in multiples of four or five.
- Their vascular systems also differ: monocots have complex arrangements while dicots have ring-based ones.
- Plasmodesmata are narrow cytoplasm threads that pass through plant cell walls.
- They enable direct communication between adjacent plant cells.
- They are a key component of plant cellular connectivity.
- Xylem are tubes that transport water and substances through plants.
- They form from cells that undergo programmed cell death, leaving hollow tubes behind.
- The process thickens side walls and removes top and bottom walls of each cell.